Marketing - 4467 Words

The marketing strategy comparison between HM (in UK )and Metersbonwe company CHENG YI PSB Academy Abstract Clothing brand chain has been a trend over the world, which has gained much profit for the clothing retailers, such as HM, ZARA, CA and so on. They are very good at using their special marketing strategies to manage their brands. While in China, there are many brands try to use this manage model, whereas, they are still inexperienced, whose marketing strategies should be improved. So it is worthy to study. This paper introduces what marketing strategy is, and how important it is. It uses an international brand-HM in UK and a Chines local brand Metersbonwe for example, by comparing their marketing strategies†¦show more content†¦Today, there are 3,000 franchised stores locate all over China. In 2008, the total sale of it is 7 billion RMB, which ranking first among all the local and international casual wear brands in domestic market. Over 8,000 new designs of styles will be sold in every market annually by the Metersbonwe internationalized design team. Meanwhile, there are mo re than 10 thousand employees working in this company nowadays. Purpose and Scope The purpose of this article is that to study the marketing strategies of international clothing brand chains (use HM in UK for example) and find out why they are successful then give suggestions to Chinese clothing chain stores (Metersbonwe) to expand in of UK. From this article, I want to find out: Why is HM successful? What type of clothes do HM and Metersbonwe sell? What are the pricings of HM and Metersbonwe’s clothes? Where do they sell their products? How do they promote their goods? What kind of strategies can be used to help Metersbonwe expand its aboard business? Comparison between HM and Metersbonwe Product Strategy HM company (in UK). HM Company has a clear understanding of their product philosophy, which decides their product strategy directly. â€Å"Fashion and quality at the best price† has been their philosophy from they established, so the style ofShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing966 Words   |  4 Pagesreflect back over these last five weeks I now have a clearer view of marketing and how it affects not just the consumers of the world and the companies with their marketing managers, but how it affects me. Yes, I am a consumer who clips coupons, budgets my finances, and looks for sale items and this marketing class has taught me that marketing is more than selling or advertising. Marketing managers have a difficult job, as marketing involves identifying, meeting and satisfying the needs of customersRead MoreMarketing Analysis : Marketing And Marketing1486 Words   |  6 Pagesthis day and age, marketing plays a pivotal role in the business environment. 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Big Dat Seizing Opportunities, Preserving Values Review

Big Data: Seizing Opportunities, Preserving Values Review Big Data is defined as extremely large data sets that can be used to analyze and compute to reveal patterns and trends, and associations. The US first started to collect data through the First Census and crop yields to track our harvest and how to improve on it. Today we do the same thing but on a much larger scale. In 2011 we hit 1.8 zettabytes of data generated in that year, that is 1,000,000,000,000 gigabytes of data we have to analyze and compute, and it was estimated to quadruple in 2013. The reason we continue to generate more and more data every year is through the technology we have today and the information that they record and transmit to us. Now we have finally come up with a name for this, Internet of Things. The internet of things is every device that can connect to the internet and transmit data, these thing can range from your: car, phone, fridge, thermostat, smart watch, computer, etc. Big Data today will be measured in 3 fields volume, velocity, variety. Volume how b ig the data actually is, how many zettabytes how much space and energy does it cost to have this volume. Velocity how fast we can analyze this data and put it to good use as well as how fast can transfer such volume of data from one location to another. Lastly variety, since the volume of data is so enormous we have and equally wide variety ranging from cat videos on the internet to private leaks to research and scientific papers written

Concept of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour

Question: Undertake a Literature Review on the dimensions and antecedents of organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB). The review is to focus solely on refereed academic publications? Answer: Introduction This literature review is aimed at analysing the dimensions and antecedents of organisational citizenship behaviour. However, in analysing such dimensions and antecedents, it is essential that a thorough understanding of the concept of organisational citizenship behaviour is achieved which should be followed by the analysis of these dimensions and antecedents. As a result, the structural analysis including the introduction of such concept of organisational citizenship behaviour and followed by its analysis of antecedents and dimensions is performed as follows: Concept of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour An analysis of the concept of organisational citizenship behaviour in the existing literature suggests that it is mainly known as the discretionary workplace behaviour that exceeds ones basic job requirements. As indicated by Bonaparte (2008), organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) is an old concept that is being studied since 1970s and it is defined as the voluntary contribution as made by individuals within organisations aimed at leading the organisation to higher success levels. It is a kind of behaviour on the part of employees of the organisation that goes behind what has been indicated in their job requirements. It is therefore largely discretionary and the focus is towards benefitting the organisation in attaining higher success levels. The employee contribution aimed at facilitating the efficient functioning of the organisations is defined as OCB according to Gemmiti (2008). As indicated by Hinrichs, Prieto and Howell (2010), there can be positive level of performance bei ng possible within organisation from applying OCB and these include organisational success in the form of enhancement in the productivity levels, group activity coordination, efficient resource utilisation, and also the benefits in terms of achieving employee adaptability to environmental changes. Overall, it can be defined as the contribution by the employees of the organisation on their own willingness and abilities aimed at enhancing organisations performance. Dimensions of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour An analysis of the existing literature indicates about various major dimensions of the concept of organisational citizenship behaviour. A study by Hinrichs, Prieto and Howell (2010) has identified that there are five important dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviour and these can be best defined as conscientiousness, civic virtue, sportsmanship, courtesy and altruism. These are the important five dimensions of OCB and they are crucial in helping co-workers in following their company rules without involving into any kinds of complaint processes and it involves their active participation in the organisational activities. Although these five dimensions of OCB have been identified, yet an analysis indicates that they have different level of meanings and understanding. An analysis of each such dimension is performed as follows: Altruism: This has been an important dimension that is concerned with the discretionary behaviour and the main purpose has been to help other people in respect to their specific tasks or problems within organisation. This could be in the form of working for other employees or performing his/her task in case of his absence within organisation on a particular day (Solan, 2008). Conscientiousness: This dimension is focused towards going beyond the minimum role requirements from employees within organisation and this could be in the form of not taking any extra breaks or complying with the rules and policies of the company all the time (Organ, Podsakoff and MacKenzie, 2005). Sportsmanship: This particular dimension of OCB indicates that it is concerned with measuring discretionary behaviour that involves the employee willingness in tolerating an ideal situation without performing excessive levels of complaints (Organ, Podsakoff and MacKenzie, 2005). Courtesy: This is another important dimension of OCB and it requires discretionary behaviour on the part of employees with a view to preventing any kinds of occurrences of work related problems. This could be in the form of adverse effect of a situation on other employees of the organisation (Solan, 2008). Civic Virtue: This particular dimension of OCB indicates that the employees of the organisation are highly responsible and they participates in a responsible manner in the activities undertaken within organisation, and their main focus area is towards the political life of the organisation which could be in the form of keeping up with the developments of the company (Organ, Podsakoff and MacKenzie, 2005). These are the important dimensions of the concept of OCB and they are aimed at achieving voluntary contribution on the part of employees of the organisation with a view to ensure enhanced overall organisations performance. Antecedents of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour Having understood the important dimensions of OCB, this section of literature analysis is now aimed at analysing the antecedents of this concept. There are different studies in the past that have examined various important antecedents of OCB. According to a study as conducted by Suresh and Venkatammal (2010), there are different important antecedents of this concept of OCB. An analysis of the study findings suggests that job satisfaction is the most significant antecedent of this concept of OCB and this has been revealed in a study conducted by Organ and Ryan (1995) which suggested findings that there has been the existence of modest relationship between job satisfaction and OCB. However, it is not only the job satisfaction, but there are other important antecedents that have been noted apart from job satisfaction and these attitudinal measures include organisational commitment, task characteristics, organisational justice and leadership behaviour. Apart from this, a study by Podsakoff, MacKenzie, Paine and Bachrach (2000) indicated about a large range of personality characteristics that have direct level of support as the antecedents of OCB. These are mainly identified as agreeableness, conscientiousness, and positive and negative affectivity. These important personality characteristics are aimed at supporting the practising of OCB within organisation. In addition to the personality characteristics, a study by Todd and Kent (2006) has indicated about a large range of task characteristics and these are identified as routinisation, feedback, and intrinsic satisfaction. There has been a positive level of correlation being identified in respect to these important task characteristics and the dimensions of OCB including altruism, courtesy, civic virtue, conscientiousness, and sportsmanship. Overall, the analysis suggests about the existence of large number of antecedents of the concept of OCB and they are crucial to achieving OCB w ithin organisation in a positive manner, and thereby in leading it to higher success levels. Conclusion This literature analysis was aimed at analysing the concept of OCB and the important dimensions and antecedents of the same. The performance of analysis revealed significant findings which suggest that OCB is voluntary contribution as made by individuals within organisations aimed at leading the organisation to higher success levels. There are important dimensions of this concept being noted and these are identified as conscientiousness, civic virtue, sportsmanship, courtesy and altruism. Apart from this, the analysis of the literature has also resulted into the identification of important antecedents of OCB and these include job satisfaction, organisational commitment, task characteristics, organisational justice and leadership behaviour. These important antecedents are the crucial determining factors of practising OCB in a highly efficient manner across the organisation. There are specific task characteristics as well as personal characteristics that have been identified and it was found that there has been positive level of correlation and support of these characteristics over OCB. References Bonaparte, W. (2008), The Impact of Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Organizational Commitment on Organizational Performance, ProQuest. Gemmiti, M. (2008), The Relationship Between Organizational Commitment, Organizational Identification and Organizational Citizenship Behavior, BoD Books on Demand. Organ, D.W., Podsakoff, P.M. and MacKenzie, S.B. (2005), Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences, SAGE Publications. Organ, D. W., and Ryan, K. (1995), A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organizational citizenship behaviour, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 48 (4), 775-802. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., and Bachrach, D. G. (2000), Organizational citizenship behaviours: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, Vol. 26 (3), 513-563. Solan, A.M. (2008), The Relationships Between Emotional Intelligence, Visionary Leadership, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Continuing Higher Education, ProQuest. Suresh, S. and Venkatammal, P. (2010), Antecedents of Organisational Citizenship Behavior, Journal of Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, Vol. 36 (2), pp. 276-286. Todd, S. Y., and Kent, A. (2006), Direct and indirect effects of task characteristics on organizational citizenship behaviour, North American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 8 (2), 253-268. Wang, L., Hinrichs, K.T., Prieto, L. and Howell, J.P. (2010), Five dimensions of organisational citizenship behaviour: Comparing antecedents and level of engagement in China and the US, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, Vol. 1, pp. 1-20.

Skyscrapers Essays - Structural System, Skyscraper,

Skyscrapers skyscraper architecture http://www.coshe.com/search/ The architectural design of the 20th century skyscrapers has been redefined due to the advancement of our modern technology. Benny Louie Humanity 450 Dr. Maureen Schmid 17 May 1999 The architectural design of the 20th century skyscrapers has been redefined due to the advancement of our modern technology. In our modern society, the architectural design of skyscrapers is changing the downtown landscape of metropolitan areas. Due to the change of technologies, it has changed the architectural design of skyscraper dramatically in terms of the its function, design structures, heating and cooling systems and it social status in society. The basic function of the architecture is to provide a roof over peoples' head. The main purpose of architecture is to act as a shelter for people to protect themselves against Mother Nature. As civilization development advances, we increased our knowledge and became more creative. People start to design buildings for means of displaying wealth and social status. The skyscraper fits the criteria to show the social status of such building with great height and elegance to the society. According to O'Gorman, ?architecture is a form lang uage, of communication.? (P.89) This communication is represented in the forms of texture, shape and style that reflects certain period of time. In the early period, architectures were associated with style and culture. ?The Greeks built marble temples with Doric, Ionic or Corinthian columns. Egyptian architecture used heavy lotus columns, massive battered walls and pyramidal forms. The Gothic style used point arch, vast areas of stained glasses, pointed rib-vault construction.? (P. 92) Each had its unique characteristic feature to express its message. In the 20th century architectural design, architecture is no longer viewed as simple shelter to provide a roof over peoples' head. Architectures are designed with a more environmental conscious issue like cost, energy conservation and practicality of the structure. The interior environment is designed according to the space function of the structures. For example, ?a dance hall, needs a large open-space with sufficient room for the ba nd and a bar and maybe for tables and chairs around the edge so that people can sit and chat.? (Conway in terms of building, the taller the better. People had been fascinated with skyscraper ever since the birth of the first skyscraper in 1895. It was a 10-stories high steel frame structure designed by William Le Baron Jenney in 1885, named ?Home Insurance Building.? (Bennett, P.40) Over the year as steel and concrete production technologies reach a higher level, architects use these new materials to reach greater height in the design of skyscrapers. The improvement of the skyscraper structures starts from 10 floor stories to high as 150 floor stories high.